Forum Boarium – starożytne miejsce handlu i kultu

Świątynia Portunusa na dawnym Forum Boarium

Świątynia Portunusa na dawnym Forum Boarium

Równina znajdująca się między Tybrem a podnóżem trzech najważniejszych rzymskich wzgórz – Awentynu, Kapitolu i Palatynu – już w najdawniejszych czasach była ważnym miejscem komunikacyjnym. Tu krzyżowały się drogi handlowe kupców – tych sprowadzających towary drogą morską oraz tych, którzy przybywali do Rzymu z Kampanii i Etrurii drogą lądową. Niedaleko znajdował się też najstarszy rzymski most – Ponte Sublicio, łączący dwa brzegi miasta, a w pobliżu równie stary Ponte Emilio (obecnie znany jako Ponte Rotto), którego osamotnione szczątki do dziś tkwią u nabrzeża Tybru.

Świątynia Portunusa na dawnym Forum Boarium
Most - Ponte Rotto, dawny Ponte Emilio
Świątynia Herkulesa Victora, Forum Boarium
Kościół Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Piazza della Verita
Posąg pozłacanego Herkulesa z Forum Boarium, Musei Capitolini
Łuk Srebników (Arco degli Argentari), belkowanie z reliefem przedstawiającym Herkulesa
Łuk Janusa

Równina znajdująca się między Tybrem a podnóżem trzech najważniejszych rzymskich wzgórz – Awentynu, Kapitolu i Palatynu – już w najdawniejszych czasach była ważnym miejscem komunikacyjnym. Tu krzyżowały się drogi handlowe kupców – tych sprowadzających towary drogą morską oraz tych, którzy przybywali do Rzymu z Kampanii i Etrurii drogą lądową. Niedaleko znajdował się też najstarszy rzymski most – Ponte Sublicio, łączący dwa brzegi miasta, a w pobliżu równie stary Ponte Emilio (obecnie znany jako Ponte Rotto), którego osamotnione szczątki do dziś tkwią u nabrzeża Tybru.

      Kościół Santa Maria in Cosmedin,
      Piazza della Verita

Już w połowie VIII wieku p.n.e. teren ten zaanektowali dla siebie kupcy, z czasem ci handlujący głównie bydłem (stąd nazwa „targ bydlęcy”).  Tu też dopływały statki dalekomorskie do pierwszego i najstarszego portu rzymskiego (Portus Tiberinus). Dopiero w III wieku p.n.e. przeniesiono go do Ostii, a Portus Tiberinus stał się miejscem rozładunkowym dla mniejszych, przybywających stamtąd statków. Funkcjonował aż do II stulecia naszej ery, gdy w czasach cesarza Trajana został zamknięty, a jego miejsce zajęły magazyny.

Na Forum Boarium powstawały znaczące świątynie, w tym sanktuarium darzonego w tym miejscu szczególną czcią Herkulesa, który – wedle legendy – pokonać miał tu Kakusa, potwora o trzech głowach, zagrażającego ówczesnym mieszkańcom tych terenów. Za uwolnienie spod jego jarzma dzielny heros otrzymał od mieszkańców w podzięce ołtarz (Ara Maxima). Herkules urósł szybko do rangi boga opiekuńczego miasta, jego wodzów, ale przede wszystkim kupców, bankierów i handlarzy, którzy dbali tutaj o swoje interesy. Biznesowym kontaktom sprzyjała też forma samej ofiary dla Herkulesa – mogła być ona oddawana jedynie w naturaliach, głównie w zwierzętach ofiarnych, a ich zwłoki należało spożyć na miejscu. W ceremoniach tych brały udział często setki zaproszonych gości. Sutym biesiadom towarzyszyły igrzyska, jak choćby te w 264 roku p.n.e., kiedy jeszcze na prowizorycznej drewnianej arenie zorganizowano tu pierwsze w Rzymie walki gladiatorów.

Ołtarz Ara Maxima był wielokrotnie przebudowywany i modernizowany, aż padł ofiarą wielkiego pożaru w czasach cesarza Nerona. Został jednak odbudowany i istniał aż do IV wieku, gdy definitywnie go zburzono, a na jego fundamentach powstały kolejne budowle, w tym kościół Santa Maria in Cosmedin. Pozostałości platformy, na której ołtarz stał, można zobaczyć w krypcie tejże świątyni, o nim zaś samym informuje dziś jedynie nazwa jednej z ulic (via dell’Ara Maxima di Ercole), przebiegających przez miejsce, gdzie był ulokowany.

      Posąg pozłacanego Herkulesa z Forum
      Boarium, Musei Capitolini

Okrągła, zdobiona rzędem wysmukłych jońskich kolumn świątynia, wzniesiona tuż obok ołtarza, również poświęcona była Herkulesowi i istnieje do dziś. Należy do grupy najstarszych budowli starożytnego Rzymu. Czczono w niej Herkulesa Olivariusa, ale znana jest też jako świątynia Herkulesa Victora (Zwycięskiego). Jej powstanie datuje się na II wiek p.n.e. Z jedną albo drugą budowlą wiązać należy wykopany na Forum Boarium w XV wieku pozłacany posąg herosa, który obecnie znajduje się na Kapitolu (Musei Capitolini).  Druga, zachowana w oryginalnej formie, a powstała w tym miejscu najprawdopodobniej już w IV wieku p.n.e. prostokątna, usytuowana na wysokim podium świątynia Portunusa poświęcona była bogu Tybru i portu. 

Granicę Forum Boarium od strony południowo-wschodniej stanowiła siedziba prefekta, tak zwanej Cura Annonae, czyli urzędu do spraw aprowizacji miasta w żywność, a właściwie w zboże; jej pozostałości odnajdziemy również w kościele Santa Maria in Cosmedin.

Nie można też zapomnieć o znajdujących się tu łuku Srebrników (Arco degli Argentari), powstałym na początku III wieku n.e., oraz o zbudowanym ponad wiek później łuku Janusa, zadaszonym miejscu spotkań handlowych  (Janus Quadrifrons). To one, podobnie jak Circus Maximus, wyznaczały północną granicę forum.

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      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '21' and `lang` = 'pl'440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 21
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '21' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 21
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '22' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 22
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '22' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')450μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 22
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '23' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 23
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '23' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'530μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '24' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '25' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 25
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '25' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 25
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '26' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '27' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 27
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '27' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 27
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '28' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 28
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'450μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '29' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 29
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `settings`380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '68' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null660μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 68
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')510μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '68' and `lang` = 'pl'500μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 68
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '68' and `lang` = 'pl'660μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 68
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '68' and `lang` = 'pl'1.08msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 68
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '68'1.27msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 68
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '68' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 11.55msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 68
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '68'3.38msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 68
      • select * from `articles_categories` where `articles_categories`.`id` = '27' limit 1680μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 27
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select * from `attributes` where `key` in ('name') and (`table` = 'articles_categories')430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. name
        • 1. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '27' and `lang` = 'pl'450μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 27
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_photos` where `article_id` = '68'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 68
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')540μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1164' and `lang` = 'pl'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1164
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1166' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1166
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1168' and `lang` = 'pl'440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1168
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1169' and `lang` = 'pl'430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1169
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')470μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1170' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1170
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1171' and `lang` = 'pl'460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1171
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1172' and `lang` = 'pl'510μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1172
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_join` where `article_id` = '68'650μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 68
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '39' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 39
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '39' and `lang` = 'pl'530μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 39
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '39' and `lang` = 'pl'620μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 39
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '39' and `lang` = 'pl'440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 39
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '39'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 39
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '39' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 39
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '39'580μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 39
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '20' and `lang` = 'pl'540μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 20
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '82' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 82
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '82' and `lang` = 'pl'480μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 82
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '82' and `lang` = 'pl'670μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 82
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '82' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 82
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '82'470μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 82
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '82' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1530μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 82
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '82'550μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 82
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')490μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '154' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 154
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '154' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 154
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '154' and `lang` = 'pl'590μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 154
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '154' and `lang` = 'pl'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 154
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '154'500μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 154
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '154' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 154
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '154'520μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 154
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '158' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 158
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '158' and `lang` = 'pl'430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 158
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '158' and `lang` = 'pl'540μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 158
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '158' and `lang` = 'pl'610μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 158
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '158'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 158
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '158' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 158
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')350μsbaza5943_roma
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '27' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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