Pokutująca Maria Magdalena Charlesa Mellina – między atrakcyjnym mitem a nagą prawdą

Pokutująca Maria Magdalena, Charles Mellin, fragment, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini

Pokutująca Maria Magdalena, Charles Mellin, fragment, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini

Według zachodniej tradycji, która ukształtowała się we wczesnym średniowieczu, Maria zwana Magdaleną po śmierci i zmartwychwstaniu Chrystusa wyjechała z Galilei i udała się do Francji. Osiadła w Prowansji, gdzie nawracała miejscową ludność, po czym zamieszkała w pustelni w górach Sainte-Baume. Tam oddała się kontemplacji, modlitwie, ale przede wszystkim pokucie. Święta grota, w której żyła Magdalena, do dziś jest miejscem katolickich pielgrzymek. Co łączy tę historię z informacjami na temat świętej zawartymi w Biblii? Nic, ale hagiografie i sztuka nie są wszak po to, aby opowiadać historie prawdziwe.

 

Pokutująca Maria Magdalena, Charles Mellin, fragment, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini
Pokutująca Maria Magdalena, Charles Mellin, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini
Pokutująca Maria Magdalena, Charles Mellin, fragment, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini

Według zachodniej tradycji, która ukształtowała się we wczesnym średniowieczu, Maria zwana Magdaleną po śmierci i zmartwychwstaniu Chrystusa wyjechała z Galilei i udała się do Francji. Osiadła w Prowansji, gdzie nawracała miejscową ludność, po czym zamieszkała w pustelni w górach Sainte-Baume. Tam oddała się kontemplacji, modlitwie, ale przede wszystkim pokucie. Święta grota, w której żyła Magdalena, do dziś jest miejscem katolickich pielgrzymek. Co łączy tę historię z informacjami na temat świętej zawartymi w Biblii? Nic, ale hagiografie i sztuka nie są wszak po to, aby opowiadać historie prawdziwe.

 

Zanim jednak dotrzemy do prawdy o Marii Magdalenie, spójrzmy na obraz znajdujący się w Palazzo Barberini. Naszym oczom ukazuje się piękne, na wpół obnażone, jakby wykute w alabastrze, ciało pustelniczki. Nie wygląda na osobę cierpiącą z powodu ascezy czy upływu lat. Okryta jedynie złotobrązowym płaszczem, siedzi przed swoją grotą i patrzy w niebo. Nasz wzrok przyciągają jej rude, lśniące włosy, zmysłowo rozwarte usta i załzawione, wzniesione w górę oczy (natchnione spojrzenie). Wydaje się zamyślona, ale też trochę bezmyślna.

Jaką historię pragnie nam opowiedzieć autor obrazu? Podpowiedzią mogą być towarzyszące kobiecie przedmioty. Widzimy tu nieodzowny atrybut świętej – czaszkę (symbol przemijania), którą dotyka ręką, jednocześnie zakrywając swoje piersi, aby nie gorszyć patrzącego. Nad jej głową znajduje się owinięte w płótno naczynie na wonności, które niosła do grobu Chrystusa, aby zabalsamować jego ciało. Ciekawym elementem są widoczne za portretowaną książki i zwój, które mają sugerować jej kontemplacyjne życie i intelektualne ambicje. Kim więc naprawdę jest nasza bohaterka? Aby odpowiedzieć na to pytanie, należy sięgnąć do kart Nowego Testamentu. Wzmiankowana jest ona w nim dwanaście razy – jako ta, która pochodziła z Magdali (skąd jej drugie imię – Magdalena), ta, z której Chrystus wygnał siedem demonów i która wraz z dwiema innymi kobietami towarzyszyła Chrystusowi i finansowo wspierała wędrującą z nim grupę. Ale najważniejsza rola przypadnie Marii Magdalenie w momencie śmierci Chrystusa. Jest świadkiem jego ukrzyżowania i uczestniczy w jego pochówku, a gdy następnego dnia wchodzi do grobu, aby obmyć jego ciało, widzi jedynie pozostawiony całun. I to jej jako pierwszej objawia się zmartwychwstały Jezus, i ją też wysyła z niezwykłą wiadomością do swych uczniów. To wszystko, co Biblia mówi na temat Marii z Magdali. Skąd więc wizerunek grzesznicy i pokutnicy, który widzimy na obrazie?  Zrodził się dopiero w VI wieku poprzez zlanie w jedną postać różnych bohaterek nowotestamentowej opowieści. Obok wspomnianej Marii z Magdali pojawia się też Maria (siostra Marty i Łazarza), która z zaciekawieniem słucha słów Chrystusa, podczas gdy jej siostra uwija się w kuchni. Stąd pojawiające się na obrazie księgi sugerujące jej zainteresowanie Słowem Bożym. Do tego dochodzi trzecia postać biblijna, jak się wydaje najbardziej istotna dla naszego przedstawienia – bezimienna jawnogrzesznica z Ewangelii św. Łukasza (Łk 7,36-50), która w Ewangelii św. Jana (J 12,1-11) nosi imię Maria. To jej, ku oburzeniu innych, Chrystus pozwala umyć swoje nogi, osuszyć je włosami i namaścić drogocennym olejkiem. W obrazie znajdziemy ślady wszystkich wymienionych kobiet, ale główny jego przekaz dotyczy pokutującej grzesznicy i to on nadaje decydujący ton ukazanej scenie.



Wizerunek Marii Magdaleny grzesznicy ze szczególną intensywnością rozpowszechniał się w sztuce od końca XVI wieku. W Rzymie, gdzie ilość kurtyzan i kobiet lekkich obyczajów wszelakiego autoramentu była wręcz olbrzymia, ikonografia Marii Magdaleny jako przykładu nawróconej i pokutującej jawnogrzesznicy trafiła na podatny grunt. Ale postać ta stała się też ważnym ideowym orężem Kościoła katolickiego w walce z protestantami. W odpowiedzi na wyśmiewanie przez nich (wyimaginowanych) świętych Kościół katolicki postanowił wzmocnić ich znaczenie i dydaktyczny przekaz, tak aby każdy wierny mógł znaleźć wśród nich dla siebie przykład, ale też osobistego protektora w drodze do zbawienia. Sobór trydencki (1545–1563) dowartościował sakrament pokuty jako istotny element życia religijnego i ważną praktykę katolickiej pobożności. Podkreślał znaczenie rachunku sumienia, żalu za grzechy, postanowienia poprawy i zadośćuczynienia. Kościół katolicki dawał w ten sposób szansę na zbawienie nawet największym grzesznikom, pod warunkiem jednak wyrażonego żalu za grzechy. Maria Magdalena w roli rozmodlonej, pokutującej jawnogrzesznicy i eremitki nadawała się tutaj – jako wzorzec – wprost doskonale.

Równie enigmatyczna jak święta Maria Magdalena jest postać autora obrazu. Jeszcze niedawno przypisywano go sławnemu francuskiemu malarzowi Simonowi Vouetowi – artyście bardzo cenionemu w Rzymie, dyrektorowi tamtejszej Akademii św. Łukasza. Ostatnia atrybucja wskazuje jednak na jego rodaka – mało znanego Charlesa Mellina, który po przybyciu do Rzymu znalazł się w gronie najbliższych współpracowników Voueta. Dziewięć lat od niego młodszy, Mellin przyjechał do Wiecznego Miasta z Nancy w 1622 roku. I to on najprawdopodobniej wspomagał Voueta przy dekoracji sławnej podówczas kaplicy Alaleoni  w kościele San Lorenzo in Lucina. W pogoni za zleceniami podróżował między Rzymem, Neapolem a klasztorem Monte Cassino. Gdy Vouet postanowił wyjechać do Paryża w 1627 roku, Mellin kontynuował jego styl, czego najlepszym przykładem jest Pokutująca Maria Magdalena. W obrazie tym zobaczymy wszystko, co fascynowało ówczesnych malarzy rzymskich – silne kontrasty świetlne zaczerpnięte od Caravaggia, stonowaną kolorystykę opartą (w tym przypadku) na zgaszonych brązach i odcieniach ochry, ale też inspirację malarstwem coraz modniejszego w Rzymie Giovanniego Lanfranca.



Obecnie Mellin zaczyna być doceniany i rozpoznawalny przez badaczy sztuki, a co z Marią Magdaleną – skrzywdzoną przez fałszujące jej życie legendę i sztukę? Ta też może być zadowolona. Dzięki zlaniu jej postaci z grzesznicą, za czym poszło utrwalenie się tendencji do ukazywania jej pięknego roznegliżowanego ciała, stała się jedną z najczęściej uwiecznianych kobiet w sztuce. Czy zyskałaby taką popularność jako uczennica Chrystusa? Zapewne nie. W 2016 roku papież Franciszek przypomniał (kolejny raz w dziejach) o Marii Magdalenie, prawdziwej towarzyszce Chrystusa, nazywając ją „apostołką apostołów”, czyli tą, która była pierwszym świadkiem Zmartwychwstania, i tą, która objawiła tę wiadomość apostołom. Czy zmieni to nasze postrzeganie Marii Magdaleny grzesznicy? Należy sądzić, że atrakcyjny mit Marii Magdaleny jest i będzie chętniej akceptowany niż prawda, nawet ta zawarta na kartach Biblii i w słowach głowy Kościoła katolickiego.

 

Pokutująca Maria Magdalena, Charles Mellin, ok. 1627, olej na płótnie, 241 cm x 171 cm, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini

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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '16' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 16
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '17' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 17
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '17' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 17
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '18' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 18
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '18' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')480μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 18
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '19' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 19
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '19' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 19
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '20' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 20
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '20' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 20
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '21' and `lang` = 'pl'440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 21
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '21' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 21
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '22' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 22
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '22' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 22
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '23' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 23
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '23' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')290μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '24' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '25' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 25
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '25' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 25
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'470μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '26' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')670μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')700μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '27' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 27
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '27' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 27
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '28' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 28
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '29' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 29
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `settings`360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '526' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 526
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '526' and `lang` = 'pl'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 526
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '526' and `lang` = 'pl'460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 526
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '526' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 526
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '526'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 526
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '526' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 526
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '526'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 526
      • select * from `articles_categories` where `articles_categories`.`id` = '26' limit 1340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select * from `attributes` where `key` in ('name') and (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. name
        • 1. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_photos` where `article_id` = '526'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 526
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '7733' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 7733
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '7735' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 7735
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '7736' and `lang` = 'pl'730μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 7736
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_join` where `article_id` = '526'580μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 526
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '448' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 448
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '448' and `lang` = 'pl'280μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 448
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '448' and `lang` = 'pl'600μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 448
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '448' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 448
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '448'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 448
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '448' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 448
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '448'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 448
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '494' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 494
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '494' and `lang` = 'pl'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 494
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '494' and `lang` = 'pl'470μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 494
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '494' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 494
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '494'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 494
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '494' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 494
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '494'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 494
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '500' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 500
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '500' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 500
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '500' and `lang` = 'pl'490μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 500
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '500' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 500
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '500'460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 500
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '501' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 501
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '501' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 501
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '501' and `lang` = 'pl'720μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 501
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '501' and `lang` = 'pl'460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 501
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '501'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 501
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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