Święta Balbina (Santa Balbina) – patronka jąkających się i… nie tylko

Absyda kościoła Santa Balbina, Chrystus między świętymi, Anastasio Fontebuoni

Absyda kościoła Santa Balbina, Chrystus między świętymi, Anastasio Fontebuoni

Należy do licznego grona młodocianych świętych rzymskich męczenniczek, choć zapewne jest mniej znana od Agnieszki, Cecylii czy nawet Bibiany. Jej kult łączy się z kościołem położonym na Małym Awentynie (Santa Balbina), o którym po raz pierwszy wspomina się pod koniec VI wieku. Wtedy to istniejący jeszcze wiek wcześniej titulus Balbinae zmienił swoją nazwę na titulus Sanctae Balbinae. Oznacza to zmianę patronki świątyni z nieznanej nam bliżej fundatorki lub właścicielki nieruchomości na świętą o tym samym imieniu.

Absyda kościoła Santa Balbina, Chrystus między świętymi, Anastasio Fontebuoni
Wnętrze kościoła Santa Balbina
Święta Balbina, fresk w absydzie kościoła Santa Balbina, fragment
Fasada kościoła Santa Balbina
Bryła kościoła Santa Balbina

Należy do licznego grona młodocianych świętych rzymskich męczenniczek, choć zapewne jest mniej znana od Agnieszki, Cecylii czy nawet Bibiany. Jej kult łączy się z kościołem położonym na Małym Awentynie (Santa Balbina), o którym po raz pierwszy wspomina się pod koniec VI wieku. Wtedy to istniejący jeszcze wiek wcześniej titulus Balbinae zmienił swoją nazwę na titulus Sanctae Balbinae. Oznacza to zmianę patronki świątyni z nieznanej nam bliżej fundatorki lub właścicielki nieruchomości na świętą o tym samym imieniu.

      Kościół Santa Balbina, Madonna z Dzieciątkiem
      między świętymi postaciami


Proceder zamiany imienia fundatora na świętego był dość popularnym sposobem na poszerzenie areopagu świętych postaci – orędowników i pomocników w pokonywaniu trudów dnia codziennego. Kolejnym krokiem było stworzenie związanej z nim przekonującej historii. Na ogół, i tak jest też w tym przypadku, zawierała ona pewne charakterystyczne elementy. Święta powinna być bardzo młoda, piękna, wykazywać się silnym charakterem, głęboką wiarą i jej życiu powinien towarzyszyć cud. I tak zaczęły powstawać hagiograficzne opowieści o świętej Balbinie, różniące się detalami. Spisane zostały w VI wieku w Passio Alexandri i Passio SS. Balbinae et Hermetis. Według nich
Balbina miała być córką żyjącego na początku II wieku rzymskiego trybuna Kwiryna. Ten słysząc o uzdrowicielskich zdolnościach ówczesnego biskupa Rzymu Aleksandra I, jak i o cudach dokonujących się za jego przyczyną, postanowił zwrócić się do niego o pomocy dla swej córki. Na szyi dziewczynki pojawiła się bowiem widoczna narośl (?), którą interpretuje się jako skrofuły albo wole i wobec której ówcześni medycy byli bezradni. Niektóre wersje legendy o św. Balbinie informują nawet, że była ona osobą jąkającą się, na co miałoby wskazywać jej imię, wywodzące się od łacińskiego słowa balbus, czyli jąkała. Tak czy inaczej córka Kwiryna została doprowadzona do uwięzionego i skutego łańcuchami Aleksandra I, który przyłożył je do jej szyi. W tym momencie w więziennej celi pojawił się anioł nawołujący Balbinę do zachowania czystości (dziewictwa), a jej dolegliwości zniknęły, jak ręką odjął. Cud ten stał się powodem przejścia na chrześcijaństwo całej rodziny rzymskiego trybuna. W zamian za uzdrowienie Aleksander powierzył Balbinie misję odnalezienia kajdan św. Piotra, tych, którymi skuty był apostoł w rzymskim więzieniu. Inna wersja podaje, że już widząc dolegliwości dziewczynki, Aleksander polecił jej odnalezienie owych Piotrowych kajdan, wiedząc, że Kwiryn dobrze zna więzienie Mamertyńskie, gdzie przetrzymywany był ongiś apostoł. Po odnalezieniu ich, i za ich przyczyną, dokonać się miał cud uzdrowienia. Przyjrzyjmy się jednak dalszym losom trybuna i jego córki. Przejście na chrześcijaństwo Kwiryna zostało przez ówczesnego cesarza Hadriana (bądź Marka Aureliusza (?)) przyjęte jako zdrada, tym bardziej że nie chciał on wyrzec się swej nowej wiary. Ponoć pośrednią przyczyną skazania ojca i córki byli zalotnicy Balbiny, których ta – poświęciwszy się służbie Chrystusowi – po prostu odprawiała. Kwiryn został skazany na śmierć przez ścięcie, po czym następnego dnia los ten podzieliła jego torturowana (uprzednio topiona, zakopana żywcem) córka. Według innej opowieści zabity został tylko Kwiryn, natomiast Balbina, wierna swej przysiędze dziewictwa, żyła aż do śmierci w zakonie. Pochowana została obok ojca w katakumbach Praetextatusa przy via Appia, a w VI wieku – jak głosi tradycja – jej szczątki przeniesiono do kościoła na Małym Awentynie, który od tej pory zaczął nosić nazwę Santa Balbina.

 

      Absyda kościoła Santa Balbina, Chrystus między
      świętymi, Anastasio Fontebuoni

Oboje z ojcem dostąpili świętości. Balbina stała się orędowniczką cierpiących na dolegliwości laryngologiczne oraz jąkających się. Czczona jest 30 marca, a jej atrybutami są kajdany lub anioł z płonącą pochodnią.

Jej kult – podobnie jak innych torturowanych i uśmierconych męczenniczek – zaświadcza o niesamowitej potrzebie identyfikacji z nieskazitelnymi postaciami kobiecymi, których podstawową cnotą była niczym niezachwiana wiara i dziewictwo, a atrybutami – młodość i uroda. Dotykamy tu bardzo rozpowszechnionego we wczesnym średniowieczu kultu dziewic i łączącego się z nim przeświadczenia, że wstrzemięźliwość seksualna jest warunkiem sine qua non w pełni chrześcijańskiego życia. Pamiętajmy, że przypisywane im żywoty przypadają na okres, w którym chrześcijaństwo było w cesarstwie oficjalnie zabronione. W obliczu oczekiwanej Paruzji dziewictwo było wówczas czymś przez Kościół bezkompromisowo zalecanym. Podobnie radykalnie traktowano cnotę wierności dla wyznawanej religii. W czasach tych często dochodziło bowiem do apostazji – przerażeni chrześcijanie odcinali się od swej wiary w obliczu kary, a nierzadko perspektywy utraty życia.

Z drugiej strony multiplikacja młodocianych świętych dziewic świadczyć może o pogańskiej wprost potrzebie adoracji świętych, pomocnych w konkretnych słabościach i chorobach, podobnej tej, jaką wcześniej, przez stulecia, wykazywali starożytni Rzymianie. Bo to przecież pogańscy bogowie i bożkowie odpowiedzialni byli za każdy aspekt życia przeciętnego Rzymianina. Gdy chrześcijaństwo stało się religią państwową i chciało objąć swym zasięgiem jak najszersze grupy społeczeństwa, wskazana była identyfikacja pewnych sfer życia z poszczególnymi świętymi. Pomagali oni w życiu codziennym, w pokonywaniu jego trudów i chorób, jak również wspomagali wznoszących do nich modły wiernych w drodze w zaświaty. I taką funkcję doskonale spełniała Balbina. 

 

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      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '18' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 18
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '19' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 19
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '19' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 19
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '20' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 20
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '20' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 20
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '21' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 21
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '21' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 21
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '22' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 22
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '22' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 22
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '23' and `lang` = 'pl'430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 23
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '23' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '24' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '25' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 25
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '25' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 25
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '26' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '27' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 27
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '27' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 27
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '28' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 28
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '29' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 29
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `settings`360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '352' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 352
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '352' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 352
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '352' and `lang` = 'pl'460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 352
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '352' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 352
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '352'320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 352
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '352' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 352
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '352'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 352
      • select * from `articles_categories` where `articles_categories`.`id` = '28' limit 1390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 28
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select * from `attributes` where `key` in ('name') and (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. name
        • 1. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_photos` where `article_id` = '352'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 352
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '5485' and `lang` = 'pl'440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 5485
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '5486' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 5486
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '5487' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 5487
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '5488' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 5488
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')510μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '5489' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 5489
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_join` where `article_id` = '352'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 352
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '2' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '2' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 2
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '2' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 2
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '2' and `lang` = 'pl'450μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 2
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '2'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 2
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '2' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '2'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '34' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 34
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '34' and `lang` = 'pl'310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 34
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '34' and `lang` = 'pl'570μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 34
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '34' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 34
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '34'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 34
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '34' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 34
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '34'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 34
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '80' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 80
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '80' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 80
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '80' and `lang` = 'pl'540μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 80
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '80' and `lang` = 'pl'560μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 80
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '80'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 80
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '80' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 80
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '80'450μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 80
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '9' and `lang` = 'pl'320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 9
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '338' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 338
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '338' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 338
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '338' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 338
        • 2. pl
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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