Cesarz Romulus Augustulus (ok. 463–ok. 536) – ostatni cesarz imperium zachodniego i ... nic więcej

Odoaker i cesarz Romulus Augustulus, reprodukcja ryciny nieznanego autorstwa, zdj. Wikipedia

Odoaker i cesarz Romulus Augustulus, reprodukcja ryciny nieznanego autorstwa, zdj. Wikipedia

Jego imię – Romulus Augustus – mogło nieść prawdziwą nadzieję na lepsze czasy. Pierwszy jego człon był nawiązaniem do legendarnego założyciela miasta Rzym, a drugi do pierwszego cesarza, Oktawiana Augusta. Szybko jednak przezwano go Augustulusem, czyli Auguścikiem, co stanowiło aluzję do jego wieku, ale też rangi i znaczenia, jakie posiadał. Ten chłopiec do historii przeszedł tylko dzięki temu, że był ostatnim cesarzem imperium zachodniego, a jego detronizacja w 476 roku datą rozpoczęcia nowej epoki.

Odoaker i cesarz Romulus Augustulus, reprodukcja ryciny nieznanego autorstwa, zdj. Wikipedia

Jego imię – Romulus Augustus – mogło nieść prawdziwą nadzieję na lepsze czasy. Pierwszy jego człon był nawiązaniem do legendarnego założyciela miasta Rzym, a drugi do pierwszego cesarza, Oktawiana Augusta. Szybko jednak przezwano go Augustulusem, czyli Auguścikiem, co stanowiło aluzję do jego wieku, ale też rangi i znaczenia, jakie posiadał. Ten chłopiec do historii przeszedł tylko dzięki temu, że był ostatnim cesarzem imperium zachodniego, a jego detronizacja w 476 roku datą rozpoczęcia nowej epoki.

By jednak zobaczyć, jak do tego doszło, przenieśmy się do Rzymu dwadzieścia lat wcześniej. Imperium zachodnie po śmierci Walentyniana III (454) przeżywało okres chaosu, ciągłych zmian cesarzy, walk wodzów między sobą o wpływy oraz nieustannych buntów źle albo wcale nieopłacanych skonfederowanych oddziałów barbarzyńców walczących w rzymskiej armii. Przypomnijmy, że w 455 roku miasto Rzym podnosiło się z wielkiego, trwającego 14 dni plądrowania przez Wandalów pod wodzą Genzeryka. Wszystko, co miało materialną wartość, w tym figury z brązu, a nawet część dachu świątyni Jowisza, wywieziono do Kartaginy, a w mieście zapanował głód. Kolejny cesarz Awitus, otoczony grupami Galów i Wizygotów, nakazał zdejmowanie z publicznych budowli brązów i przetapianie ich w celu pozyskania pieniędzy do cesarskiej kasy. I nawet jeśli były to pogańskie budowle, wzbudzało to oburzenie senatorów i niepewność rzymian. Po ponad roku na cesarskim tronie pojawił się kolejny władca, a po nim następni. W tym czasie miasto przeżyło ponowne oblężenie (471) i falę głodu. Aż do czasu Juliusza Neposa, który przywdział cesarską purpurę w lipcu 474 roku. Nie cieszył się nią długo, gdyż już w niespełna rok później doszło w Rzymie do rewolty głównodowodzącego jego armii, Orestesa. Nepos uciekł z miasta i udał się do rodzinnej Dalmacji, a Orestes naznaczył na cesarza swego małoletniego syna – Romulusa Augustulusa. I tak kilkunastoletni chłopiec, a właściwie jego ojciec, rozpoczął 31 października 475 roku swoje jedenastomiesięczne panowanie.

Jak widać, w drugiej połowie V wieku reputacja i prestiż cesarskiego majestatu i jego znaczenie nie były wielkie. Równocześnie w tym czasie tylko w granicach dawnego imperium zachodniego powstało aż sześć barbarzyńskich królestw, nie licząc innych plemion, które nie były w stanie takowych struktur utworzyć. Samo cesarstwo zachodnie skurczyło się drastycznie i obejmowało w momencie objęcia władzy przez Romulusa już tylko Italię i część Galii Narbońskiej.

W tym czasie służący w rzymskiej armii gocki wódz Odoaker, nie mogąc wymusić żołdu na Orestesie, dokonał rewolty, której konsekwencją było zabicie tego ostatniego, detronizacja jego syna Romulusa Augustulusa i objęcie władzy w Italii. Z samym cesarzem zachodniego imperium Odoaker obszedł się w sposób nad wyraz cywilizowany – obdarzył go majątkiem i roczną pensją i wysłał w okolice Neapolu do nadmorskiej rezydencji. Ten rodzaj renty wypłacany był Romulusowi regularnie również po śmierci Odoakera, gdy władzę w Italii przejął Teodoryk Wielki – wódz Ostrogotów.

Nie znamy dokładnej daty śmierci Romulusa – przyjmuje się, że zmarł około 536 roku w swego rodzaju ekskluzywnej niewoli, osiągnąwszy wiek starczy. Jedyną jego zasługą było to, że zdołał zachować życie, utraciwszy władzę, co w dziejach cesarstwa rzymskiego było sytuacją nad wyraz rzadką.

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        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '23' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 23
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '23' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '24' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '25' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 25
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '25' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 25
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '26' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '27' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 27
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '27' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 27
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '28' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 28
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'610μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '29' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')470μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 29
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `settings`360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '251' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null540μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 251
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '251' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 251
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '251' and `lang` = 'pl'580μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 251
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '251' and `lang` = 'pl'470μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 251
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '251'600μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 251
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '251' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 251
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '251'570μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 251
      • select * from `articles_categories` where `articles_categories`.`id` = '9' limit 1370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 9
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select * from `attributes` where `key` in ('name') and (`table` = 'articles_categories')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. name
        • 1. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '9' and `lang` = 'pl'290μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 9
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where `articles_categories`.`id` = '8' limit 1400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 8
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select * from `articles_photos` where `article_id` = '251'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 251
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '4046' and `lang` = 'pl'450μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 4046
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_join` where `article_id` = '251'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 251
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '138' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null510μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 138
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '138' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 138
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '138' and `lang` = 'pl'510μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 138
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '138' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 138
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '138'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 138
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '138' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 138
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '138'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 138
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '12' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 12
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '245' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 245
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')690μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '245' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 245
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '245' and `lang` = 'pl'480μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 245
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '245' and `lang` = 'pl'510μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 245
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '245'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 245
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '245' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 245
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '245'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 245
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '9' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 9
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '246' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 246
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '246' and `lang` = 'pl'300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 246
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '246' and `lang` = 'pl'520μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 246
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '246' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 246
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '246'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 246
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '246' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 246
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '246'320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 246
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '14' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 14
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '250' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 250
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '250' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 250
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '250' and `lang` = 'pl'520μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 250
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '250' and `lang` = 'pl'600μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 250
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '250'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 250
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '250' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 250
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '250'430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 250
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '10' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 10
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '259' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 259
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '259' and `lang` = 'pl'430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 259
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '259' and `lang` = 'pl'850μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 259
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '259' and `lang` = 'pl'500μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 259
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '259'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 259
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '259' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 259
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '259'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 259
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '9' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 9
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '260' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 260
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '8' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '1' and `lang` = 'pl'480μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '251'350μsbaza5943_roma
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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