Święty Hieronim Caravaggia – doktor Kościoła jako broń w walce z heretykami

Święty Hieronim, Caravaggio, Galleria Borghese

Święty Hieronim, Caravaggio, Galleria Borghese

Czy było to regularne zamówienie, czy też dar Caravaggia dla wiernego protektora, który niejednokrotnie ratował go z opresji, pozostaje dla badaczy kwestią sporną. Nie ulega jednak wątpliwości, że dzieło to powstało jako jeden z ostatnich, jeśli nie ostatni obraz, jaki artysta stworzył w Rzymie przed ucieczką z miasta. Tym razem sprawa była poważna – dokonał morderstwa i musiał się liczyć z surową karą. Został wyjęty spod prawa i skazany na śmierć.

Święty Hieronim, Caravaggio, Galleria Borghese
Święty Hieronim, fragment, Caravaggio, Galleria Borghese
Święty Hieronim, fragment, Caravaggio, Galleria Borghese

Czy było to regularne zamówienie, czy też dar Caravaggia dla wiernego protektora, który niejednokrotnie ratował go z opresji, pozostaje dla badaczy kwestią sporną. Nie ulega jednak wątpliwości, że dzieło to powstało jako jeden z ostatnich, jeśli nie ostatni obraz, jaki artysta stworzył w Rzymie przed ucieczką z miasta. Tym razem sprawa była poważna – dokonał morderstwa i musiał się liczyć z surową karą. Został wyjęty spod prawa i skazany na śmierć.

Pod koniec maja 1606 roku, pod osłoną nocy, Caravaggio podążał w kierunku Neapolu, gdzie prawa Państwa Kościelnego nie obowiązywały. Do Rzymu miał już nigdy nie powrócić. Pozostawił w nim obraz, który znalazł się następnie w kolekcji wspomnianego protektora i wielkiego admiratora jego sztuki – kardynała Scipione Borghesego.  Przedstawia św. Hieronima i jest jednym z kilku, które Caravaggio poświęcił żyjącemu na przełomie IV i V wieku ascecie. Na podstawie ilości namalowanych w tym czasie przez innych twórców podobizn Hieronima, należy też przyjąć, że jego wizerunki były w modzie. Dlaczego? Na to pytanie odpowiemy później. Najpierw spójrzmy na samo dzieło.

Właśnie zaskoczyliśmy Hieronima w jego pustej celi w klasztorze w Betlejem, gdzie spędził prawie trzydzieści lat życia, zajmując się głównie przekładem Biblii z hebrajskiego i greki na język łaciński (tzw. Wulgaty) – stąd trzy księgi, które leżą na stole. On sam wyłania się z ciemnego tła – pochylony nad jakimś fragmentem wydaje się całkowicie pochłonięty czytaniem, podczas gdy jego ręka błądzi w poszukiwaniu kałamarza. Najpewniej pragnie coś zanotować, o czym świadczy trzymane w gotowości pióro. Światło pada z lewej strony, silnie akcentując w obrazie łysą czaszkę świętego, jego przeorane zmarszczkami czoło i potargane włosy. Nagie ciało, okryte jedynie narzutą, zdaje się wskazywać, że rezygnacja z wszelkich dóbr i wygód stanowiła istotny element drogi życiowej Hieronima. Ten asceta, odrzucający blichtr rzeczy doczesnych, zapewne nie miał purpurowej narzuty. Caravaggio wprowadza ją nie tylko jako znak dystynkcji, jaką pragnie nadać swojemu bohaterowi, ale też wybijający się ton w prawie monochromatycznej kompozycji. Drugim jest biel prześcieradła (a właściwie całunu) spływającego ze stołu, przypominającego, że człowiek rodzi się i umiera. Podkreśla to też leżąca na księgach czaszka (atrybut świętego) – symbol przemijalności wszystkiego, co ziemskie. Całą kompozycję obrazu zamykają więc dwie czaszki – żywa i martwa, spośród których ta żywa (Hieronima) również niebawem stanie się martwą.

Jak nietuzinkową rzecz stworzył Caravaggio, przekonamy się, porównując zwartą, prostą kompozycję jego dzieła z innymi, wcześniejszymi pracami upamiętniającymi Hieronima. Malowano je szczególnie chętnie w okresie średniowiecza i renesansu i wyposażano w masę szczegółów, a zarazem atrybutów świętego, takich jak zraniony w łapę lew, kapelusz kardynalski, czaszka, książki, pustynia, grota (szałas). Tłumacz Biblii ukazywany był jako pokutujący pustelnik na odludziu albo otoczony księgami humanista. Caravaggio zrezygnował z większości tych atrybutów, „odzierając” świętego z wszelkiej anegdoty, i stworzył kompozycję skoncentrowaną na uchwyceniu momentu pracy intelektualisty pogrążonego w świecie myśli. Fakt, że mamy do czynienia ze świętym, zaznacza Caravaggio jedynie poprzez cienki krąg nimbu.



Rezygnacja z dotychczasowego sposobu przedstawiania Hieronima była jednak nie tylko pomysłem genialnego malarza, ale przede wszystkim nową narracją, jaka pojawiła się w sztuce katolickiej po soborze trydenckim (1563). Ten trwający prawie dwadzieścia lat zjazd katolickich dygnitarzy obradował nad tym, jak walczyć z protestantyzmem i nie pozwolić na dalszą jego ekspansję. W nowych wytycznych dotyczących sztuk plastycznych zalecano zaniechanie szczegółów i atrybutów na rzecz skupienia się na oddaniu uczucia i głębokiego przeżycia religijnego, co miało skłonić patrzącego do dewocji i modlitwy albo wręcz naśladowania. Była to odpowiedź na zarzuty protestantów wyśmiewających katolickie zastępy świętych o bajkowej proweniencji, w tym Hieronima wyciągającego drzazgę z łapy lwa. Na soborze trydenckim Wulgata została uznana przez Kościół rzymski za jedyny prawomocny przekład Biblii. Ale i ona spotkała się z krytyką protestantów, wskazujących jej liczne braki, ale przede wszystkim przekonanych o słuszności czytania jej w językach lokalnych (narodowych), tak by była rozumiana przez szerokie grono wiernych.

Dla katolików Hieronim był jednak przede wszystkim wzorcowym świętym – symbolem umiłowania prawdy, rzetelności tłumaczenia Pisma Świętego i prawomyślności względem Kościoła rzymskiego reprezentowanego przez papieża (w jego czasach był nim Damazy). Dowiódł tego, walcząc piórem przeciw wszelkim odstępstwom, które już za jego życia ujawniały się w łonie Kościoła. Był też obrońcą jednej z podstaw wiary katolickiej, uznającej, iż zbawienie dokonuje się poprzez dobre uczynki i cnotliwe życie, a nie, jak chcieli protestanci, wyłącznie poprzez wiarę. Ascezę Hieronima (umartwianie ciała, celibat, wyrzeczenie się dóbr doczesnych) łączono w Kościele katolickim z silną wiarą w zbawczy sens cierpienia fizycznego, ale też środek do osiągnięcia świętości już na ziemi.

I takiego właśnie Hieronima – pochłoniętego studiowaniem Biblii, które jest prawdziwym ćwiczeniem duchowym, a równocześnie sposobem na poznanie tajemnicy Chrystusa i drogą prowadzącą do Boga, przedstawił Caravaggio.

 

Święty Hieronim, Caravaggio, olej na płótnie, 112 ´ 157 cm, 1605–1606, Galleria Borghese

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      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '19' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 19
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '19' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')530μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 19
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '20' and `lang` = 'pl'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 20
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '20' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 20
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '21' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 21
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '21' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 21
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '22' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 22
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '22' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')540μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 22
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '23' and `lang` = 'pl'430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 23
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '23' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')2.65msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')10.01msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '24' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')450μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '25' and `lang` = 'pl'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 25
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '25' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 25
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')3.93msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'480μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '26' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '27' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 27
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '27' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 27
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '28' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 28
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')570μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '29' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 29
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `settings`740μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '440' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null580μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 440
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')5.04msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '440' and `lang` = 'pl'7.28msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 440
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '440' and `lang` = 'pl'4.6msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 440
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '440' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 440
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '440'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 440
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '440' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 440
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '440'640μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 440
      • select * from `articles_categories` where `articles_categories`.`id` = '26' limit 1320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select * from `attributes` where `key` in ('name') and (`table` = 'articles_categories')2.02msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. name
        • 1. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'1.29msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_photos` where `article_id` = '440'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 440
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '6370' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 6370
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '6371' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 6371
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '6372' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 6372
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_join` where `article_id` = '440'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 440
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '24' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null1.3msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'720μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '24'3.41msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 24
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '24' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 16.33msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '24'5.28msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')4.39msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '12' and `lang` = 'pl'6.64msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 12
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '29' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null7.56msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 29
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')5.39msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'5.82msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'2.41msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'1.72msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '29'720μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 29
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '42' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null2.48msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 42
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '98' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null2.99msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 98
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')490μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '98' and `lang` = 'pl'490μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 98
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '98' and `lang` = 'pl'650μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 98
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '98' and `lang` = 'pl'660μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 98
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '98'600μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 98
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '98' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 14.15msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 98
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '98'3.29msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 98
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')2.26msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '113' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 113
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '113' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 113
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '113' and `lang` = 'pl'690μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 113
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '113' and `lang` = 'pl'1.54msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 113
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '113'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 113
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '113' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 113
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '113'470μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 113
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')1.07msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'550μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '387' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null470μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 387
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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