Cesarz Kommodus (161–192) – nieszczęsny syn wielkiego ojca

Popiersie cesarza Kommodusa, Musei Capitolini

Popiersie cesarza Kommodusa, Musei Capitolini

Wielokrotnie był obiektem zamachów, ale tym razem nie miał najmniejszych szans – podczas kąpieli w towarzystwie swej ulubionej metresy Marcii, która podała mu wcześniej truciznę, został zaatakowany przez atletę, a zarazem swego trenera (o wdzięcznym imieniu Narcissus) oraz prefekta pretorianów, którzy – dla upewnienia się o skuteczności swego czynu – osłabionego już cesarza udusili.
Popiersie cesarza Kommodusa, Musei Capitolini
Popiersie młodego cesarza Kommodusa, Musei Vaticani
Popiersie cesarza Kommodusa, Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Altemps
Cesarz Kommodus jako Herkules, Musei Capitolini
Cesarz Kommodus jako Herkules, Musei Capitolini
Posąg cesarza Kommodusa (albo Antonina Piusa), Muso Romano, Palazzo Braschi
Wielokrotnie był obiektem zamachów, ale tym razem nie miał najmniejszych szans – podczas kąpieli w towarzystwie swej ulubionej metresy Marcii, która podała mu wcześniej truciznę, został zaatakowany przez atletę, a zarazem swego trenera (o wdzięcznym imieniu Narcissus) oraz prefekta pretorianów, którzy – dla upewnienia się o skuteczności swego czynu – osłabionego już cesarza udusili.

Zapewne nie o takim losie dla swego syna myślał Marek Aureliusz – jeden z najwybitniejszych cesarzy i najszlachetniejszych ludzi, który wbrew utartemu od czasów cesarza Nerwy (96 r.) zwyczajowi adopcji, czyli powoływania na tron najlepszych, najpierw do współrządzenia, a później do objęcia tronu naznaczył własnego syna. Nic nie wskazuje na to, że Marek Aureliusz miał inne plany sukcesji, jak niektórzy pragnęliby to widzieć. Kommodus był cesarskim dzieckiem zrodzonym w czasie, gdy cesarz dzierżył władzę, towarzyszył mu podczas wypraw wojennych i filozoficznych dysput – w odróżnieniu więc od swych poprzedników cesarz miał naturalnego spadkobiercę i nie potrzebował szukać innego. Wraz z tą sukcesją zakończył się trwający prawie sto lat okres cesarzy adoptowanych, a zarazem najkorzystniejszy w dziejach imperium czas, obfitujący w wybitnych strategów, polityków i gospodarzy, czas cesarzy Trajana, Hadriana, Antonina Piusa i wreszcie ostatniego – Marka Aureliusza.

      Popiersie młodego cesarza Kommodusa,
      Musei Vaticani

Kommodus był pięknym młodzieńcem o jasnych, kręconych włosach, regularnych rysach twarzy i atletycznej budowie ciała.  Był doskonałym, leworęcznym wojownikiem, chętnie popisującym się publicznie swymi zdolnościami łuczniczymi, fechtunkiem i powożeniem w wyścigach konnych w Circus Maximus. Po objęciu rządów w 180 roku trudno było przypuszczać, że z czasem stanie się on aż tak karykaturalną postacią, znienawidzoną przez senat i arystokrację, człowiekiem o rozdętym ego, który największą radość czerpać będzie z walk z gladiatorami i zabijania dzikich zwierząt na arenie. Sprawiało mu to tak wielką przyjemność, że poczuł się wręcz wcieleniem samego Herkulesa.

Prowadzenie interesów państwa, umacnianie granic imperium i dbanie o dobrostan jego obywateli nudziło jednak młodego cesarza, toteż obowiązki te przekazywał, ku oburzeniu senatorów, którym do tej pory przypadało prawo do współrządzenia, swym zaufanym pretorianom i wyzwoleńcom. Przez 12 lat rządów czas mijał cesarzowi na zażegnywaniu kryzysów i skazywaniu na śmierć swych poddanych, których obarczał winą za niepowodzenia swego panowania: deficyt zboża, rewolty legionów czy zamieszki uliczne. Do tego dochodził rosnący chaos w państwie, spadek produkcji rolnej i związany z tym kryzys handlu, inflacja i mniejszy dopływ podatków. Innym problemem była nieznana do tej pory w tym rozmiarze symonia (sprzedaż stanowisk i urzędów) w wojsku i państwie, w efekcie czego stery władzy przechodziły w ręce ludzi niedoświadczonych i chciwych.

Zła, wręcz złowieszcza opinia o Kommodusie zrodziła się już za jego życia – knowano, że nie był on synem statecznego i mądrego Marka Aureliusza, lecz jednego z gladiatorów, którymi chętnie otaczała się jego matka. Kpiono, że farbował i pudrował włosy, z lubością rozpowiadano, że jego twarz jest nalana jak u pijaka. Nazywano go lubieżnikiem znanym z biseksualnych orgii, który w swych erotycznych podbojach nie oszczędził nawet swych sióstr. Wszystkie te opowieści chętnie rozpowszechniali senatorowie, których Kommodus najpierw obłożył wysokimi podatkami i odsunął od rządzenia, a gdy nie byli ulegli, również mordował. Z drugiej strony także oni robili wszystko, aby się go pozbyć.

      Cesarz Kommodus jako Herkules,
      Musei Capitolini

Kommodus od samego początku miał do czynienia ze spiskami i nieudanymi zamachami na swe życie, co musiało wpłynąć na jego psychikę i sprawiło, że nieufnością darzył nawet najbliższych. Dwa lata po objęciu rządów przeżył w pobliżu Koloseum pierwszy zamach, w który zamieszana była jego siostra Lucylla i której przyszło zapłacić za to życiem. Wobec poczucia czyhającego zagrożenia Kommodus zamknął się w swym pałacu, unikał oficjalnych spotkań i wyjść – oprócz tych do obozu gladiatorów, gdzie ćwiczył i trenował. Kolejne zamachy i spiski na jego życie coraz bardziej pogłębiały jego niechęć do rzymskiej arystokracji. Popularnością cieszył się natomiast wśród rzymskiego ludu, któremu szczodrze dostarczał chleba i igrzysk. Jak nigdy dotąd Koloseum zapełnione było do ostatniego miejsca, również przez zmuszanych do tego arystokratów, którzy z odrazą patrzyli na deklasację i graniczącą z obłędem megalomanię cesarza. Falę niechęci wzbudził też pomysł Kommodusa, by już za życia ogłosić go bogiem, synem najwyższego władcy nieba i ziemi, ojca bogów – Jowisza. 


W 191 roku w Rzymie wybuchł wielki pożar, który strawił znaczną część miasta, w tym świątynię Westy,
świątynię Pokoju i sporą część cesarskiego pałacu. Kommodus nakazał szeroko zaplanowaną odbudowę, ale dzieła tego nie dokończył. Po raz ostatni publicznie widziano go w listopadzie następnego roku, kiedy w trakcie dwutygodniowych igrzysk wystąpił na arenie tłumnie wypełnionego Koloseum jako Herkules Venator (polujący Herkules) i popisywał się umiejętnościami łuczniczymi, zabijając ponoć setkę dzikich zwierząt, w tym tygrysy, lwy, słonie i hipopotamy. Miesiąc później, ostatniego dnia roku, został zamordowany. Po zamachu, którego padł ofiarą, senat ogłosił haniebną dla cesarzy formułę damnatio memoriae, czyli skazanie Kommodusa na wieczną niepamięć. Jego imię zniknęło z pomników i dokumentów. Nie na długo jednak. Z politycznego chaosu, który na rok zapanował w Rzymie, wyłonił się ostatecznie nowy kandydat na cesarza – Septymiusz Sewer. Ponieważ po wstąpieniu na tron pragnął legitymizować swą władzę, uznając się za adoptowanego (fikcyjnego) syna Marka Aureliusza, nie mógł pozwolić, aby jego brat znajdował się w stanie niełaski. Senat rehabilitował w tej sytuacji Kommodusa, a w 197 roku zaliczył go nawet w poczet bogów. 

Jako budowniczy Kommodus nie pozostawił po sobie niczego znaczącego, ale szerokiej publiczności znany jest za to z innego powodu. Stał się jednym z głównych bohaterów wielkiej hollywoodzkiej produkcji filmowej pod tytułem Gladiator. Wiele w filmie zmieniono dla potrzeb politycznej poprawności i trzymającej w napięciu narracji, ale mimo to sam cesarz przypomina zapewne w jakiejś mierze tego prawdziwego – nieszczęsnego syna wielkiego ojca.

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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '17' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 17
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '18' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 18
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '18' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')450μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 18
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '19' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 19
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '19' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 19
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '20' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 20
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '20' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 20
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '21' and `lang` = 'pl'600μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 21
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '21' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 21
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')1.01msbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '22' and `lang` = 'pl'290μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 22
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '22' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 22
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '23' and `lang` = 'pl'290μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 23
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '23' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')290μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '24' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '25' and `lang` = 'pl'430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 25
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '25' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 25
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '26' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '27' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 27
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '27' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 27
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '28' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 28
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '29' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')510μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 29
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `settings`330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '125' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 125
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '125' and `lang` = 'pl'430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 125
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '125' and `lang` = 'pl'610μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 125
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '125' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 125
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '125'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 125
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '125' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 125
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '125'460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 125
      • select * from `articles_categories` where `articles_categories`.`id` = '9' limit 1360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 9
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select * from `attributes` where `key` in ('name') and (`table` = 'articles_categories')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. name
        • 1. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '9' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 9
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where `articles_categories`.`id` = '8' limit 1630μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 8
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select * from `articles_photos` where `article_id` = '125'480μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 125
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1792' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1792
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1793' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1793
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1795' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1795
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1796' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1796
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1798' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1798
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '1799' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 1799
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_join` where `article_id` = '125'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 125
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '39' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 39
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '39' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 39
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '39' and `lang` = 'pl'520μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 39
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '39' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 39
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '39'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 39
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '39' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 39
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '39'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 39
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '20' and `lang` = 'pl'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 20
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '104' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 104
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '104' and `lang` = 'pl'460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 104
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '104' and `lang` = 'pl'570μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 104
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '104' and `lang` = 'pl'510μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 104
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '104'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 104
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '104' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 104
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '104'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 104
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '9' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 9
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '123' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 123
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '123' and `lang` = 'pl'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 123
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '123' and `lang` = 'pl'680μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 123
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '123' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 123
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '123'300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 123
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '123' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1290μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 123
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '123'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
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      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '20' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 124
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '124' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        • 0. 2
        • 1. 124
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '124' and `lang` = 'pl'460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        • 0. 3
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '124' and `lang` = 'pl'480μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        • 0. 6
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '124'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '124' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
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        Metadata
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      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '167' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '167' and `lang` = 'pl'630μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        • 0. 3
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '167' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '167'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 167
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        • 0. 175
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '175' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 175
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '175' and `lang` = 'pl'490μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '175' and `lang` = 'pl'510μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '175'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '175' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '175'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        • 0. 175
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '238'460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '238' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
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        Metadata
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        • 0. 238
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `settings`510μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
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        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '9' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles_categories' and `entity_id` = '9'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '8' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles_categories' and `entity_id` = '8'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`id` = '1') order by `id` asc310μsbaza5943_roma
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '1' and `lang` = 'pl'310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles_categories' and `entity_id` = '1'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '125' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '125'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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