Stadion Domicjana – zawody w greckim stylu ku uciesze ludu

Model stadionu Domicjana, Museo Stadio di Domiziano, Piazza Navona

Model stadionu Domicjana, Museo Stadio di Domiziano, Piazza Navona

Tu, gdzie dzisiaj roztacza się Piazza Navona, znajdował się w czasach antycznych stadion, który zdecydował o takim, a nie innym obecnym kształcie tego miejsca. Jego budowniczym był ostatni cesarz z rodu Flawiuszów Domicjan (81–96). Często zapomina się, że jego ambicją było stworzenie na Polu Marsowym dwóch znaczących budowli – stadionu i odeonu, które w doskonały sposób wyrażałyby zamiłowanie cesarza do sportowej rywalizacji w greckim stylu. Szybkość, siła i zręczność odgrywały w tych konkurencjach główną rolę, ale towarzyszyły im też konkursy poetyckie i muzyczne. Tworząc stadion, cesarz zakończył szeroki front prac budowlanych, będących dziełem jego rodu, spośród których najbardziej znanym obiektem jest oczywiście amfiteatr (Koloseum). 

Model stadionu Domicjana, Museo Stadio di Domiziano, Piazza Navona
Rekonstrukcja stadionu Domicjana, Museo Stadio di Domiziano
Pozostałości stadionu Domicjana, Museo Stadio di Domiziano
Pozostałości stadionu Domicjana, Museo stadio di Domiziano
Posążek przedstawiający rzymskiego aktora, Musei Vaticani
Fragment ekspozycji muzealnej w ruinach dawnego stadionu Domicjana, Museo Stadio di Domiziano, Piazza Navona
Posostałości stadionu Domicjana, Museo Stadio di Domiziano

Tu, gdzie dzisiaj roztacza się Piazza Navona, znajdował się w czasach antycznych stadion, który zdecydował o takim, a nie innym obecnym kształcie tego miejsca. Jego budowniczym był ostatni cesarz z rodu Flawiuszów Domicjan (81–96). Często zapomina się, że jego ambicją było stworzenie na Polu Marsowym dwóch znaczących budowli – stadionu i odeonu, które w doskonały sposób wyrażałyby zamiłowanie cesarza do sportowej rywalizacji w greckim stylu. Szybkość, siła i zręczność odgrywały w tych konkurencjach główną rolę, ale towarzyszyły im też konkursy poetyckie i muzyczne. Tworząc stadion, cesarz zakończył szeroki front prac budowlanych, będących dziełem jego rodu, spośród których najbardziej znanym obiektem jest oczywiście amfiteatr (Koloseum). 

      Pozostałości stadionu Domicjana,
      Museo stadio di Domiziano


Stadio di Domiziano, zwany inaczej Circus Agonalis, zbudowany został w 86 roku n.e. i mieścił ponoć 30 tysięcy widzów. Rozgrywano na nim co pięć lat igrzyska dla uczczenia kapitolińskiego Jowisza. Zawody obejmowały dyscypliny jeździeckie (wyścigi konne) i atletyczne, do których zaliczały się walki pięściarzy, zapasy, biegi, pięciobój (rzut oszczepem, rzut dyskiem, bieg, skok w dal i pankration, czyli walka, w której wszystkie chwyty były dozwolone oprócz gryzienia i drapania). Sportowcy biorący w nich udział wywodzili się na ogół z Grecji i darzeni byli o wiele większym szacunkiem niż na przykład gladiatorzy. Za zwycięstwo uzyskiwali obywatelstwo rzymskie, zwolnienie ze służby wojskowej, niejednokrotnie stawali się też właścicielami ówczesnych rzymskich siłowni, czyli – jak powiedzielibyśmy dzisiaj – studiów fitness.

Zmaganiom sportowym towarzyszyły wspomniane konkursy literackie i muzyczne, które odbywały się w sąsiadującym ze stadionem od południa budynku odeonu, który pomieścić mógł około 10 tysięcy widzów. Półokrągły kształt odeonu odczytać dziś można w fasadzie powstałego w tym miejscu Palazzo Massimo przy Corso Vittorio Emanuele.

Pomimo dobrych chęci cesarza i pragnienia „ucywilizowania” rozrywek rzymian największą popularnością wśród widzów cieszyły się zawody pięściarzy i pankratio. Mniejsze zainteresowanie wzbudzały natomiast zawody atletyczne, a najmniejsze – rywalizacje literacko-muzyczne. Cesarz wyszedł jednak gustom swych poddanych naprzeciw. Aby pozyskać szersze grono widzów, co też przysporzyć mu miało popularności wśród rzymskiego ludu, dopuścił z czasem do walk kobiet i karłów.

Stadion liczył 275 metrów długości i 106 merów szerokości. Jego północna część była zaokrąglona, co dzisiaj wyraźnie widać w kształcie budynków przy Piazza di Tor Sanguigna, a południowa – prosta i lekko skośna. Tam też znajdował się potężny portyk.

      Wejście na jedną z trybun stadionu Domicjana,
      Museo stadio di Domiziano, Piazza Navona

Stadion Domicjana powstał w miejscu, w którym już za Juliusza Cezara odbywały się zawody sportowe na stworzonym w tym celu prowizorycznym drewnianym stadionie atletycznym. Natomiast stadion Domicjana, co warto zaznaczyć, był w tym czasie jedynym poza Grecją tego typu murowanym stadionem na świecie. Zbudowano go z cegły i bloków trawertynu, a ozdobiono greckimi posągami lub ich kopiami, z których jedna przetrwała (Pasquino). Wejścia znajdowały się w dłuższych i krótszych bokach obiektu. W otaczających stadion arkadach ulokowali się natomiast handlarze i rzemieślnicy, jak również, podobnie jak przy Circus Maximus, burdele. W późniejszym czasie arena stadionu służyła również jako miejsce walk gladiatorów i dzikich zwierząt. Walki te i zawody odbywały się tu aż do początku V wieku.

Obecnie pozostałości stadionu oglądać można w Museo Stadio di Domiziano. Wejście do niego znajduje się w miejscu jednego z głównych wejść do stadionu po stronie północnej. Zobaczyć tam można plansze ukazujące dyscypliny sportowe, rekonstrukcje ekwipunku gladiatorów, wizualizacje terenu i pozostałości rzeźb odnalezione w czasie prac archeologicznych w 1936 roku.

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      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '20' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 20
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '21' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 21
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '21' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 21
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '22' and `lang` = 'pl'320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 22
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '22' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 22
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')280μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '23' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 23
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '23' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')290μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '24' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '25' and `lang` = 'pl'310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 25
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '25' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 25
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '26' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '27' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 27
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '27' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 27
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '28' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 28
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '29' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 29
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `settings`310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '253' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null500μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 253
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '253' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 253
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '253' and `lang` = 'pl'600μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 253
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '253' and `lang` = 'pl'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 253
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '253'310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 253
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '253' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 253
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '253'550μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 253
      • select * from `articles_categories` where `articles_categories`.`id` = '25' limit 1250μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 25
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select * from `attributes` where `key` in ('name') and (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. name
        • 1. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '25' and `lang` = 'pl'300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 25
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_photos` where `article_id` = '253'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 253
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '4050' and `lang` = 'pl'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 4050
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '4051' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 4051
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '4053' and `lang` = 'pl'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 4053
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '4054' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 4054
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '4055' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 4055
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '4056' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 4056
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '4057' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 4057
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_join` where `article_id` = '253'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 253
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '39' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 39
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '39' and `lang` = 'pl'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 39
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '39' and `lang` = 'pl'520μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 39
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '39' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 39
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '39'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 39
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '39' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 39
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '39'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 39
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '20' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 20
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '45' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null560μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 45
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '45' and `lang` = 'pl'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 45
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '45' and `lang` = 'pl'440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 45
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '45' and `lang` = 'pl'430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 45
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '45'440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 45
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '45' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1560μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 45
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '45'490μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 45
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '9' and `lang` = 'pl'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 9
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '46' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 46
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '46' and `lang` = 'pl'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 46
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '46' and `lang` = 'pl'660μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 46
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '46' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 46
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '46'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 46
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '46' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 46
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '46'320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 46
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '9' and `lang` = 'pl'430μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 9
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '101' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 101
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')290μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '101' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 101
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '101' and `lang` = 'pl'530μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 101
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '101' and `lang` = 'pl'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 101
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '101'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
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        Hints
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
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        Hints
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        Metadata
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
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        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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