Pope Innocent XII (1615–1700) – an exemplary shepherd and a protector of castrates

Tombstone of Pope Innocent XII, fragment, Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano

Tombstone of Pope Innocent XII, fragment, Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano

In the middle of a hot, humid summer, after over five months of conclave, in July of 1691 a new pope was chosen. He will be remembered as a humble shepherd who cared for the inhabitants of Rome, for whom he created shelters and hospitals, as well as the person who put an end to the centuries-long sanctified tradition of nepotism. Immediately following his enthronement Innocent XII issued a decree, in which he explicitly stated that the pope can name only one relative to the Holy College of Cardinals and furthermore he specified his salary. He limited simony, meaning the profitable sale of papal offices and attempted to decrease the spending of the papal court. He reformed the justice system, while also being the funder of several structures and buildings, but these did not occupy his thoughts. Those were concentrated on an issue of greater importance – moral correctness.
Tombstone of Pope Innocent XII, fragment, Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano
Tombstone of Pope Innocent XII, fragment, Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano
Tombstone of Pope Innocent XII, Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano
Tombstone of Pope Innocent XII, fragment depicting the personification of virtues – Justice and Charity, Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano
Tombstone of Christina, Queen of Sweden, Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano
Palazzo Montecitorio at Piazza di Monte Citorio
In the middle of a hot, humid summer, after over five months of conclave, in July of 1691 a new pope was chosen. He will be remembered as a humble shepherd who cared for the inhabitants of Rome, for whom he created shelters and hospitals, as well as the person who put an end to the centuries-long sanctified tradition of nepotism. Immediately following his enthronement Innocent XII issued a decree, in which he explicitly stated that the pope can name only one relative to the Holy College of Cardinals and furthermore he specified his salary. He limited simony, meaning the profitable sale of papal offices and attempted to decrease the spending of the papal court. He reformed the justice system, while also being the funder of several structures and buildings, but these did not occupy his thoughts. Those were concentrated on an issue of greater importance – moral correctness.
 

In this regard the pope was a continuator of the work of his predecessor Innocent XI. Just as he had done previously, the new pope fought against (albeit unsuccessfully) gambling, including the popular lottery and card games; he limited to a minimum the ever-popular carnival parties. He cared for the morale of women, encouraging them to cover their necklines, he also forbade them from attending theatre and acting on the stage. Their roles were from now on to be taken over by castrates. He tried to bring discipline to male convents, however, this met with great resistance.

He was buried in St. Peter’s Basilica (San Pietro in Vaticano). His tombstone, which was far removed from the monumental statues of his predecessors, was created by Filippo della Valle. Lack of space and putting the tombstone high above the door caused the composition to be crammed and thus it lacks perspective. The pope depicted in a gesture of blessing, is accompanied by two figures: Mercy (with an uncovered chest) and Justice – in this case the sculpture does not fully correspond with the qualities of the character of the deceased.

Structures and buildings created at the initiative of Innocent XII:

  • Tombstone monument of the Queen of Sweden Christina in the Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano
  • San Michele Hospital next to the Lateran Palace
  • Finishing the construction of Palazzo Montecitorio (previously Curia Innocenziana) (1695)
  • Palazzo della Dogana